therapeuticЮжно-Российский журнал терапевтической практикиSouth Russian Journal of Therapeutic Practice2712-81563033-8344РостГМУ10.21886/2712-8156-2020-1-3-37-43therapeutic-68Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSЭпидемиологические особенности эпилепсии в странах Африканского континентаEpidemiological features of epilepsy in the countries of the African continenthttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9134-3049ЕфремовВ. В.EfremovV. V.

Валерий Вильямович Ефремов, д.м.н., доцент, профессор кафедры нервных болезней и нейрохирургии

Ростов-на-Дону

Valery V. Efremov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery

Rostov-on-Don

efremov_vv@rostgmu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5351-2419ДолгушеваЮ. А.DolgushevaU. A.

Юлия Алексеевна Долгушева, к.м.н., ассистент кафедры нервных болезней и нейрохирургии

Ростов-на-Дону

Julia А Dolgusheva, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant of the Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery

Rostov-on-Don

jk161@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2588-4570НдихокубвайоБ.NdihokubvayoB.

Ндихокубвайо Бенджамин, аспирант кафедры нервных болезней и нейрохирургии

Ростов-на-Дону

 

Benjamin Ndihokubvayo, Graduate student of the Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery

Rostov-on-Don

ndibu90@gmail.comФГБОУ ВО «Ростовский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава РоссииРоссияRostov State Medical UniversityRussian Federation202005112020133743Copyright © Ефремов В.В., Долгушева Ю.А., Ндихокубвайо Б., 20202020Ефремов В.В., Долгушева Ю.А., Ндихокубвайо Б.Efremov V.V., Dolgusheva U.A., Ndihokubvayo B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.therapeutic-j.ru/jour/article/view/68

Данный обзор посвящен анализу опубликованных результатов исследований, проведённых в Африке, в которых изучались клинико-эпидемиологические особенности заболевания эпилепсией в странах Африканского континента. Установлены континентальные географические субрегионы, в которых распространенность эпилепсии особенно высока. Описана взаимосвязь частоты заболеваемости эпилепсией с наличием эндемичных нейроинфекций. Сделан вывод о том, что усиление мероприятий, направленных на профилактику инфекций центральной нервной системы, может стать одним из действенных способов снижения заболеваемости и смертности от эпилепсии в Африке.

This review is devoted to the analysis of the published results of studies conducted in Africa, which studied the clinical and epidemiological features of epilepsy disease in the countries of the African continent. Continental geographic subregions have been identified where the prevalence of epilepsy is particularly high. The relationship between the incidence of epilepsy and the presence of endemic neuroinfections is described. It is concluded that the strengthening of measures aimed at the prevention of infections of the central nervous system can be one of the most effective ways to reduce the morbidity and mortality from epilepsy in Africa

обзорневрологияэпилепсияконтинентальная Африкаreviewneurologyepilepsycontinental AfricaReferencesHauser W.F. The descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy. Epilepsy: translational, clinical and social aspects. Moscow; 2013.Afro.who.int HIV/AIDS disease burden https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hivaidsHouinato D., Tibarbache H., Houeze F., Adjien K.C., Guédou F., Preux P.M. et al. L’épilepsie en milieu professionnel urbain au Sud-Bénin. Archives Des Maladies Professionnelles Et De L Environnement. 2007;68:244–50. DOI 10.1016/S1775-8785(07)88936-3.Afro.who.int onchocerciasis https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/onchocerciasisYemadje LP, Houinato D, Boumédiène F, Ngoungou EB, Preux PM, Druet-Cabanac M. Prevalence of epilepsy in the 15 years and older in Benin: a door-to-door nationwide survey. Epilepsy Res. 2012;99(3):318-26. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.12.012Almu S, Tadesse Z, Cooper P, et al. The prevalence of epilepsy in the Zay Society, Ethiopia—an area of high prevalence. Seizure. 2006;15:211–13.Nitiéma P, Carabin H, Hounton S, Praet N, Cowan LD, Ganaba R, et al. Prevalence case-control study of epilepsy in three Burkina Faso villages. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;126(4):270-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01639.xAmina Chentou Consanguinity and epilepsy in Oran, Algeria: A case–control study Epilepsy Research Volume 111, March 2015, Pages 10-17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.12.014Coleman R, Loppy L, Walraven G. The treatment gap and primary health care for people with epilepsy in rural Gambia. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80(5):378-83. PMID: 12077613; PMCID: PMC2567785.Andriantseheno L, Ralaizandriny D. Prévalence communautaire de l’épilepsie chez les Malgaches. Epilepsies Montrouge. 2004;16:83–86.Ngugi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, Wagner RG, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Ae-Ngibise K, et al. Prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa and associated risk factors: cross-sectional and case-control studies. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(3):253-63. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70003-6AnHotter beek Neurological manifestations in Onchocerca volvulus infection: A review Brain Research Bulletin Volume 145, February 2019, Pages 39-44 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.024Lompo DL, Diallo O, Dao BA, Bassole R, Napon C, Kabore J. Etiologies of non-genetic epilepsies of child and adolescent, newly diagnosed in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Pan Afr Med J. 2018;31:175. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2018.31.175.17074Aninadu Toit Chrisma Pretorius Diagnostic and treatment practices for psychogenic nonepileptic and epileptic seizures in Namibia Volume 83, June 2018, Pages 92-102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.03.005Goudsmit J, van der Waals FW, Gajdusek C. Epilepsy in the Gbawein and Wroughbarh Clan of Grand Bassa County, Liberia: the endemic occurrence of “See-ee” in the native population. Neuroepidemiology. 1983;2:24–34. DOI: 10.1159/000110507Athanase Millogo Neurocysticercosis and epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa Brain Research Bulletin Volume 145, February 2019, Pages 30-38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.011Farnarier G, Diop S, Coulibaly B, Arborio S, Dabo A, Diakite M, et al. Onchocercose et épilepsie. Enquête épidémiologique au Mali [Onchocerciasis and epilepsy. Epidemiological survey in Mali]. Med Trop (Mars). 2000;60(2):151-5. (In French). PMID: 11100441Balogou AAK, Grunitzky EK, Belo M, et al. Management of epilepsy patients in Batamariba district, Togo. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007;116:211–16.Owolabi LF, Owolabi SD. Prevalence and burden of epilepsy in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based door-to-door surveys. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2019;92:226-234. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.12.017Birbeck GL, Kalichi EMN. Epilepsy prevalence in rural Zambia: a door-to-door survey. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9:92–95.Ndoye NF, Sow AD, Diop AG, Sessouma B, Séne-Diouf F, Boissy L, et al. Prevalence of epilepsy its treatment gap and knowledge, attitude and practice of its population in sub-urban Senegal an ILAE/IBE/WHO study. Seizure. 2005;14(2):106-11. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2004.11.003Boling W, Means M, Fletcher A. Quality of Life and Stigma in Epilepsy, Perspectives from Selected Regions of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Brain Sci. 2018;8(4):59. Published 2018 Apr 1. doi:10.3390/brainsci8040059Balogou AA, Grunitzky EK, Belo M, Sankaredja M, Djagba DD, Tatagan-Agbi K, et al. Management of epilepsy patients in Batamariba district, Togo. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007;116(4):211-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00871.x.Burton KJ, Rogathe J, Whittaker R, et al. Epilepsy in Tanzanian children: association with perinatal events and other risk factors. Epilepsia. 2012;53:752–60.Chentouf A, Talhi R, Dahdouh A, Benbihi L, Benilha S, Oubaiche ML, et al. Consanguinity and epilepsy in Oran, Algeria: A case-control study. Epilepsy Res. 2015;111:10-7. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.12.014Carter, JA Increased prevalence of epilepsy associated with severe falciparum malaria in children EPILEPSIA Volume: 45 Pages 978-981 DOI: 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.65103.xMoualek D, Pacha LA, Abrouk S, Kediha MI, Nouioua S, Aissa LA, et al. Multicenter transversal two-phase study to determine a national prevalence of epilepsy in Algeria. Neuroepidemiology. 2012;39(2):131-4. doi: 10.1159/000339637Casparia Mond,1 Trevor Duke, Epilepsy in Papua New Guinea: a longitudinal cohort study Published Online First 19 July 2019 on BMJ https://adc.bmj.com/content/archdischild/104/10/941.full.pdfFarghaly WM, Abd Elhamed MA, Hassan EM, Soliman WT, Yhia MA, Hamdy NA. Prevalence of childhood and adolescence epilepsy in Upper Egypt (desert areas). Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2018;54(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s41983-018-0032-0Cédric B Chesnais MD The temporal relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a population-based cohort study Volume 18, Issue 11, November 2018, Pages 1278-1286 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30425-0Thabit MN, Sayed MA, Ali MM. Evaluation of knowledge about epilepsy and attitudes towards patients with epilepsy among university students in Upper Egypt. Epilepsy Res. 2018;144:30-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.05.003Cheng-Ying Ho,Differential Neuronal Susceptibility and Apoptosis in Congenital Zika Virus Infection American Neurological Association wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI: 10.1002/ana.24968Khiari HM, Kechaou M, Banasr A, Zouari B, Hamdoun M, Mrabet A. Posttraumatic epilepsy in Tunisia. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;21(4):417-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.05.016Chentouf A. Talhi R. Dahdouh A. et al. Consanguinity and epilepsy in Oran Algeria: a case-control study. Epilepsy Res. 2015 Mar; 111Maiga Y, Albakaye M, Diallo LL, Traoré B, Cissoko Y, Hassane S, et al. Current beliefs and attitudes regarding epilepsy in Mali. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;33:115-21. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.02.031Christianson AL, Zwane ME, Manga P, et al. Epilepsy in rural South African children—prevalence, associated disability and management. South Afr Med J Suid-Afr Tydskr Vir Geneeskd. 2000;90:262–66.Almu S, Tadesse Z, Cooper P, Hackett R. The prevalence of epilepsy in the Zay Society, Ethiopia--an area of high prevalence. Seizure. 2006;15(3):211-3. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2006.01.004Colebunders, R Clinical characteristics of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in villages in Maridi County, Republic of South Sudan Seizure Volume 62, November 2018, Pages 108-115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2018.10.004Edwards T, Scott AG, Munyoki G, Odera VM, Chengo E, Bauni E, et al. Active convulsive epilepsy in a rural district of Kenya: a study of prevalence and possible risk factors. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(1):50-6. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70292-2Coleman R, Loppy L, Walraven G. The treatment gap and primary health care for people with epilepsy in rural Gambia. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80:378–83.Burton KJ, Rogathe J, Whittaker R, Mankad K, Hunter E, Burton MJ, et al. Epilepsy in Tanzanian children: association with perinatal events and other risk factors. Epilepsia. 2012;53(4):752-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03395.xDefinition of Epilepsy 2014 https://www.ilae.org/guidelines/definition-and-classification/definition-of-epilepsy-2014Hunter E, Rogathi J, Chigudu S, Jusabani A, Jackson M, McNally R, et al. Prevalence of active epilepsy in rural Tanzania: a large community-based survey in an adult population. Seizure. 2012;21(9):691-8. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2012.07.009Department of Economic and Social AffairsPopulation Dynamics standards projections https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/Duggan MB. Epilepsy in rural Ugandan children: seizure pattern, age of onset and associated findings. Afr Health Sci. 2010;10(3):218-25. PMID: 21327131; PMCID: PMC3035962.Dr Charles R. J. C. Newton Neurological manifestations of falciparum malaria American neurological association First published: 08 October 2004 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410430603Njamnshi A, Sini V, Djientcheu V, Ongolo-Zogo P., Mapoure Y, Yepnjio F, et al. Risk factors associated with epilepsy in a rural area in Cameroon: a preliminary study. Afr J Neurol Sci. 2007;26:18–26. DOI: 10.4314/ajns.v26i2.7595.Duggan MB. Epilepsy in rural Ugandan children: seizure pattern, age of onset and associated findings. Afr Health Sci. 2010;10:218.Prischich F, De Rinaldis M, Bruno F, Egeo G, Santori C, Zappaterreno A, et al. High prevalence of epilepsy in a village in the Littoral Province of Cameroon. Epilepsy Res. 2008;82(2-3):200-10. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.09.004Edwards T, Scott AG, Munyoki G, et al. Active convulsive epilepsy in a rural district of Kenya: a study of prevalence and possible risk factors. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:50–56.Mbelesso P, Luna J, Yangatimbi E, Mboukou C, Preux PM. Sociocultural representations of epilepsy in the Central African Republic: A door-to-door survey. Seizure. 2019;67:23-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2019.02.018Emilie Auditeau Herbal medicine for epilepsy seizures in Asia, Africa and Latin America: A systematic review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Volume 234, 24 April 2019, Pages 119-153 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.049Andriantseheno L, Ralaizandriny D. Prévalence communautaire de l’épilepsie chez les Malgaches. Epilepsies Montrouge. 2004;16:83–86.Espinosa-Jovel С., Toledano R., Seizure, 2018 – Elsevier Seizure Epidemiological profile of epilepsy in low income populations. Volume 56, March 2018, Pages 67-72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2018.02.002Simms V, Atijosan O, Kuper H, Nuhu A, Rischewski D, Lavy C. Prevalence of epilepsy in Rwanda: a national cross-sectional survey. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13(8):1047-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02108.xEwan Hunter Cysticercosis and epilepsy in rural Tanzania: a community‐based case–control and imaging study European journal of tropical medicine& international health First published: 05 May 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12529Christianson AL, Zwane ME, Manga P, Rosen E, Venter A, Kromberg JG. Epilepsy in rural South African children-prevalence, associated disability and management. S Afr Med J. 2000;90(3):262-6. PMID: 10853404.Farghaly WM, Abd Elhamed MA, Hassan EM, et al. Prevalence of childhood and adolescence epilepsy in Upper Egypt (desert areas). Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2018;54(1):34.Birbeck GL, Kalichi EM. Epilepsy prevalence in rural Zambia: a door-to-door survey. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9(1):92-5. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01149.xFarnarier G, Diop S, Coulibaly B, et al. Onchocerciasis and epilepsy: epidemiological survey in Mali. Méd Trop Rev Corps Santé Colon. 2000;60:151–55.Howlett WP. Neurology in Africa. American academy of neurology; 2012.Global SDG Indicators Database https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/Beghetto RA, Karwowski M. Toward Untangling Creative Self-Beliefs. 2017:3-22. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-809790-8.00001-7Goudsmit J, van der Waals FW, Gajdusek C. Epilepsy in the Gbawein and Wroughbarh Clan of Grand Bassa County, Liberia: the endemic occurrence of “See-ee” in the native population. Neuroepidemiology. 1983;2:24–34.Gouda HN, Charlson F, Sorsdahl K, Ahmadzada S, Ferrari AJ, Erskine H, et al. Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Global Health. 2019;7(10):e1375-e1387. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30374-2.Hauser W.F. The descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy. Epilepsy: translational, clinical and social aspects. Moscow. 2013; 83-117.Auditeau E, Chassagne F, Bourdy G, Bounlu M, Jost J, Luna J, et al. Herbal medicine for epilepsy seizures in Asia, Africa and Latin America: A systematic review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;234:119-153. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.049health adolescent afro.who.int https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-healthHashem S, Al-Kattan M, Ibrahim SY, Shalaby NM, Shamloul RM, Farrag M. Epilepsy prevalence in Al-Manial Island, Egypt. A door-to-door survey. Epilepsy Research. 2015; 117:133-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.08.003.Hebe N gouda Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, The lancet global health. Pages e1375-e1387 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30374-2Hamed SA, Attiah FA, Fawzy M. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in adults with epilepsy: a tertiary hospital-based study. International Journal of Neuroscience. 2020;130(5):522-532. DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1698566Houinato D, Tibarbache H, Houeze F, et al. L'épilepsie en milieu Professionnel urbain au Sud-Bénin. Arch Mal Prof Environ. 2007; 68 : 244–50.Kariuki SM, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Wagner RG, Chengo E, White S, Kamuyu G, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with convulsive status epilepticus in Africans with epilepsy. Neurology. 2015;84(18):1838-45. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001542.Hunter E, Rogathi J, Chigudu S, et al. Prevalence of active epilepsy in rural Tanzania: a large community-based survey in an adult population. Seizure J Br Epilepsy Assoc. 2012;21:691–98.Helbig I, Scheffer IE, Mulley JC, Berkovic SF. Navigating the channels and beyond: unravelling the genetics of the epilepsies. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(3):231-45. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70039-5Jason Lockrow Epileptic spasms as the presenting seizure type in a patient with a new “O” of TORCH, congenital Zika virus infection Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports Volume 11, 2019, Pages 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebcr.2018.09.002Chesnais CB, Nana-Djeunga HC, Njamnshi AK, Lenou-Nanga CC, Boullé C, Bissek AC, et al. The temporal relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a population-based cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2018;18(11):1278-1286. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30425-0.Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodj Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Clinical description and relationship with microfilarial density PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007300 July 17, 2019Noma M, Zouré HG, Tekle AH, Enyong PA, Nwoke BE, Remme JH. The geographic distribution of onchocerciasis in the 20 participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: (1) priority areas for ivermectin treatment. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:325. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-325Kathrin Föger Nakalanga Syndrome: Clinical Characteristics, Potential Causes, and Its Relationship with Recently Described Nodding Syndrome. Neglected Tropical Diseas. 2017 Feb DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005201Hotterbeekx A, Namale Ssonko V, Oyet W, Lakwo T, Idro R. Neurological manifestations in Onchocerca volvulus infection: A review. Brain Res Bull. 2019;145:39-44. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.024.Kaudjhis P. Les agrégats de l’épilepsie de M’brou: approche électroclinique et étiologique. Medical Thesis; Abidjan, Côte-d’Ivoire: 1995.Föger K, Gora-Stahlberg G, Sejvar J, Ovuga E, Jilek-Aall L, Schmutzhard E, et al. Nakalanga Syndrome: Clinical Characteristics, Potential Causes, and Its Relationship with Recently Described Nodding Syndrome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(2):e0005201. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005201Khiari HM, Kechaou M, Banasr A, Zouari B, Hamdoun M, Mrabet A. Posttraumatic epilepsy in Tunisia. Epilepsy Behav. 2011 Aug;21(4):417-9.Colebunders, R., Mandro, M., Njamnshi, A.K., Boussinesq M, Hotterbeekx A, Kamgno J, et al. Report of the first international workshop on onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy. Infect Dis Poverty. 2018;7:23. DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0400-0Lompo, DL Etiologies of non-genetic epilepsies of child and adolescent, newly diagnosed in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Panafrican Medical Journal NOV 13 2018 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.31.175.17074Millogo A, Njamnshi AK, Kabwa-PierreLuabeya M. Neurocysticercosis and epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa. Brain Research Bulletin. 2019;145:30-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.011.Lukman Femi Owolabi , Shakirah Desola Owolabi .Prevalence and burden of epilepsy in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based door-to-door surveys Epilepsy & Behavior Volume 92, March 2019, Pages 226-234 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.12.017Hunter E, Burton K, Iqbal A, Birchall D, Jackson M, Rogathe J, et al. Cysticercosis and epilepsy in rural Tanzania: a community-based case-control and imaging study. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20(9):1171-1179. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12529M. Leonea Long-term educational program tolimit the burden of neurologicaldisorders in Sub-Saharan Africa:report from an Italy Mozambiquecooperation on epilepsy in children European journal of neurology https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ene.13549Nsengiyumva G, Druet-Cabanac M, Ramanankandrasana B, Bouteille B, Nsizabira L, Preux PM. Cysticercosis as a major risk factor for epilepsy in Burundi, east Africa. Epilepsia. 2003;44(7):950-5. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.55302.xMaiga Y, Albakaye M, Diallo LL, et al. Current beliefs and attitudes regarding epilepsy in Mali. Epilepsy Behav. 2014 Apr;33:115-21Carter JA, Neville BG, White S, Ross AJ, Otieno G, Mturi N, et al. Increased prevalence of epilepsy associated with severe falciparum malaria in children. Epilepsia. 2004;45(8):978-81. doi: 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.65103.xMoualek D, Pacha LA, Abrouk S, et al. Multicenter transversal two-phase study to determine a national prevalence of epilepsy in Algeria. Neuroepidemiology. 2012; 39(2):131-4.Dulac O. Cerebral malaria and epilepsy. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(12):1144-1145. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70278-7Mounkaila Noma, Honorat GM Zouré The geographic distribution of onchocerciasis in the 20 participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: (1) priority areas for ivermectin treatment Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:325. Published 2014 Jul 22. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-325Newton C, Warrell D. Neurological manifestations of falciparum malaria. Annals of neurology. 1998;43(6): 695-702. DOI: 10.1002/ana.410430603Ndoye NF, Sow AD, Diop AG, et al. Prevalence of epilepsy its treatment gap and knowledge, attitude and practice of its population in sub-urban Senegal an ILAE/IBE/WHO study. Seizure J Br Epilepsy Assoc. 2005;14:106–11.Idro R, Ndiritu M, Ogutu B, Mithwani S, Maitland K, Berkley J, et al. Burden, features, and outcome of neurological involvement in acute falciparum malaria in Kenyan children. JAMA. 2007 23;297(20):2232-40. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.20.2232.Ngugi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, et al. Prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa and associated risk factors: cross-sectional and case-control studies. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:253–63Ssentongo P. Prevalence and incidence of new-onset seizures and epilepsy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;93:49-55. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.01.033Nitiéma P, Carabin H, Hounton S, et al. Prevalence case-control study of epilepsy in three Burkina Faso villages. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;126:270–78.Burman RJ, Wilmshurst JM, Gebauer S, Weise L, Walker KG, Donald KA. Seizures in Children with HIV infection in South Africa: A retrospective case control study. Seizure. 2019;65:159-165. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2019.01.023Njamnshi A, Sini V, Djientcheu V, et al. Risk factors associated with epilepsy in a rural area in Cameroon: a preliminary study. Afr J Neurol Sci. 2007;26:18–26.Lockrow J, Tully H, Saneto RP. Epileptic spasms as the presenting seizure type in a patient with a new "O" of TORCH, congenital Zika virus infection. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2018;11:1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2018.09.002Nsengiyumva G Cysticercosis as a Major Risk Factor For Epilepsy in Burundi, East Africa Epilepsia 44(7):950-5 DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.55302.xHill SC, Vasconcelos J, Neto Z, Jandondo D, Zé-Zé L, Aguiar RS, et al. Emergence of the Asian lineage of Zika virus in Angola: an outbreak investigation. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(10):1138-1147. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30293-2Olivier Dulac Cerebral malaria and epilepsy The Lancet Neurology Volume 9, Issue 12, December 2010, Pages 1173-1181 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70278-7Pascal Mbelesso Sociocultural representations of epilepsy in the Central African Republic: A door-to-door survey Seizure Volume 67, April 2019, Pages 23-26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2019.02.018Pascal Mbelesso Sociocultural representations of epilepsy in the Central African Republic: A door-to-door survey Seizure Volume 67, April 2019, Pages 23-26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2019.02.018Prischich F, De Rinaldis M, Bruno F, et al. High prevalence of epilepsy in a village in the Littoral Province of Cameroon. Epilepsy Res. 2008;82:200–10.Prischich F, De Rinaldis M, Bruno F, et al. High prevalence of epilepsy in a village in the Littoral Province of Cameroon. Epilepsy Res. 2008;82:200–10.R.J.Burman Seizures in Children with HIV infection in South Africa: A retrospective case control study Seizure Volume 65, February 2019, Pages 159-165 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2019.01.023R.J.Burman Seizures in Children with HIV infection in South Africa: A retrospective case control study Seizure Volume 65, February 2019, Pages 159-165 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2019.01.023Richard Idro, MMED; Moses Ndiritu Burden, Features, and Outcome of Neurological Involvement in Acute Falciparum Malaria in Kenyan Children JAMA. 2007;297(20):2232-2240. doi:10.1001/jama.297.20.2232Richard Idro, MMED; Moses Ndiritu Burden, Features, and Outcome of Neurological Involvement in Acute Falciparum Malaria in Kenyan Children JAMA. 2007;297(20):2232-2240. doi:10.1001/jama.297.20.2232Robert Colebunders Report of the first international workshop on onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy Colebunders et al. Infectious Diseases of Poverty (2018) 7:23 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-018-0400-0Robert Colebunders Report of the first international workshop on onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy Colebunders et al. Infectious Diseases of Poverty (2018) 7:23 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-018-0400-0Robert S. Fisher Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types Epilepsia, 58(4):531–542, 2017 doi: 10.1111/epi.13671Robert S. Fisher Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types Epilepsia, 58(4):531–542, 2017 doi: 10.1111/epi.13671Ronald A. Beghetto, Maciej Karwowski Toward Untangling Creative Self-Beliefs 2017, Pages 3-22 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809790-8.00001-7Ronald A. Beghetto, Maciej Karwowski Toward Untangling Creative Self-Beliefs 2017, Pages 3-22 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809790-8.00001-7SaherHashem Epilepsy prevalence in Al-Manial Island, Egypt. A door-to-door survey Epilepsy Research Volume 117, November 2015, Pages 133-137 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.08.003SaherHashem Epilepsy prevalence in Al-Manial Island, Egypt. A door-to-door survey Epilepsy Research Volume 117, November 2015, Pages 133-137 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.08.003Sarah C Hill, DPhil Emergence of the Asian lineage of Zika virus in Angola: an outbreak investigation The Lancet Infectious Diseases Published: October, 2019 Volume 19, Issue 10, October 2019, Pages 1138-1147 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30293-2Sarah C Hill, DPhil Emergence of the Asian lineage of Zika virus in Angola: an outbreak investigation The Lancet Infectious Diseases Published: October, 2019 Volume 19, Issue 10, October 2019, Pages 1138-1147 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30293-2Sherifa Ahmed Hame Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in adults with epilepsy: a tertiary hospital-based study tandofline , international journal of neuroscience Published online: 06 Dec 2019 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2019.1698566Sherifa Ahmed Hame Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in adults with epilepsy: a tertiary hospital-based study tandofline , international journal of neuroscience Published online: 06 Dec 2019 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2019.1698566Simms V, Atijosan O, Kuper H, Nuhu A, Rischewski D, Lavy C. Prevalence of epilepsy in Rwanda: A national cross-sectional survey. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:1047–53.Simms V, Atijosan O, Kuper H, Nuhu A, Rischewski D, Lavy C. Prevalence of epilepsy in Rwanda: A national cross-sectional survey. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:1047–53.Ssentongo P Prevalence and incidence of new-onset seizures and epilepsy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2019 Apr;93:49-55. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.01.033. Epub 2019 Mar 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.01.033Ssentongo P Prevalence and incidence of new-onset seizures and epilepsy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2019 Apr;93:49-55. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.01.033. Epub 2019 Mar 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.01.033Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49) https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49) https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/Symon M. Kariuki Burden, causes, and outcomes of people with epilepsy admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya Epilepsia official journal of international league against epilepsy Volume56, Issue4 April 2015 Pages 577-584 https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12935Symon M. Kariuki Burden, causes, and outcomes of people with epilepsy admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya Epilepsia official journal of international league against epilepsy Volume56, Issue4 April 2015 Pages 577-584 https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12935Symon M. Kariuki, Prevalence and factors associated with convulsive status epilepticus in Africans with epilepsy ACE. Neurology 2015;84:1838–1845Symon M. Kariuki, Prevalence and factors associated with convulsive status epilepticus in Africans with epilepsy ACE. Neurology 2015;84:1838–1845Thabit MN, Sayed MA, Ali MM. Evaluation of knowledge about epilepsy and attitudes towards patients with epilepsy among university students in Upper Egypt. Epilepsy Res. 2018 Aug;144:30-33.Thabit MN, Sayed MA, Ali MM. Evaluation of knowledge about epilepsy and attitudes towards patients with epilepsy among university students in Upper Egypt. Epilepsy Res. 2018 Aug;144:30-33.Theodore E Nashcountries and areas at risk of cysticercosis 2009Theodore E Nashcountries and areas at risk of cysticercosis 2009Thierry Matonda-ma-Nzuzi Factors associated with behavioral problems and cognitive impairment in children with epilepsy of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo Volume 78, January 2018, Pages 78-83Thierry Matonda-ma-Nzuzi Factors associated with behavioral problems and cognitive impairment in children with epilepsy of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo Volume 78, January 2018, Pages 78-83TORCH screen Medlineplus https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003350.htmTORCH screen Medlineplus https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003350.htmwho.int Geographical distribution of onchocerciasis https://www.who.int/onchocerciasis/distribution/en/who.int Geographical distribution of onchocerciasis https://www.who.int/onchocerciasis/distribution/en/Who.int Onchocerciasis pub 14 june 2019 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/onchocerciasisWho.int Onchocerciasis pub 14 june 2019 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/onchocerciasisWilliam P. Howlett, NEUROLOGY IN AFRICA. American academy of neurology. page 656William P. Howlett, NEUROLOGY IN AFRICA. American academy of neurology. page 656Yemadje L-P, Houinato D, Boumédiène F, Ngoungou EB, Preux P-M, Druet-Cabanac M. Prevalence of epilepsy in the 15 years and older in Benin: a door-to-door nationwide survey. Epilepsy Res. 2012;99:318–26.Yemadje L-P, Houinato D, Boumédiène F, Ngoungou EB, Preux P-M, Druet-Cabanac M. Prevalence of epilepsy in the 15 years and older in Benin: a door-to-door nationwide survey. Epilepsy Res. 2012;99:318–26.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.